| Leaders of Syria (Syrian Arab Republic) |
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Parties and organizations:
ALM: Arab Liberation Movement - Baath: Socialist Arab Rebirth Party - FSA: Free Syrian Army - HI: Independence Party - HIWBS: Movement for Justice and Development in Syria - HJ: Republican Party - HS: People's Party - HSDS: Syrian Democratic People's Party - HSQ: Syrian National Party - IRM: Independent Revolutionary Movement - KD: Democratic Bloc - KW: National Bloc - NCSROF: National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces - SNC: Syrian National Council - SCTC: Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans
Look for biographies of the leaders (in Spanish) at CIDOB website.
Heads of the State
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President of the Republic
Shukri al-Quwwatli 17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949 (1968) KW
Chairmen of the Supreme Military Council
Husni al-Zaim 30 Mar 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 (1949) military
Muhammad Sami Hilmi al-Hinnawi 14 Aug 1949 - 15 Aug 1949 (1950) military
President of the Republic (1)
Hashim Bay Khalid al-Atassi 15 Aug 1949 - 2 Dec 1951 (1960) KW
Chairman of the Supreme Military Council
Adib ash-Shishakli 2 Dec 1951 - 3 Dec 1951 (1964) military
Presidents of the Republic
Fawzi as-Silu 3 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953 (1972) military
Adib ash-Shishakli 11 Jul 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 (1964) military/ALM
Maamun Shafiq al-Kuzbari 26 Feb 1954 - 28 Feb 1954 (1998) n/p (acting)
Hashim Bay Khalid al-Atassi 28 Feb 1954 - 6 Sep 1955 (1960) KW
Shukri al-Quwwatli 6 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958 (1968) HSQ
United Arab Republic (2) 22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961
Prime Ministers acting as heads of State
Maamun Shafiq al-Kuzbari 29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 (1998) n/p (acting)
Izzat an-Nuss 14 Dec 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 (1972) military (acting)
President of the Republic
Nazim al-Qudsi 14 Dec 1961 - 8 Mar 1963 (1998) HS
Chairmen of the National Revolutionary Command Council
Louai al-Atassi 9 Mar 1963 - 27 Jul 1963 (2003) military/Baath
Muhammad Amin al-Hafiz 27 Jul 1963 - 13 May 1964 (2009) military/Baath
Chairman of the Presidential Council
Muhammad Amin al-Hafiz 13 May 1964 - 25 Feb 1966 (2009) military/Baath
Heads of State
Nur ad-Din Mustafa al-Atassi 25 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970 (1992) Baath
Ahmad al-Hasan al-Khatib 18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971 (1982) Baath
Abu Sulayman Hafiz al-Assad 22 Feb 1971 - 14 Mar 1971 (2000) military/Baath
Presidents of the Republic
Abu Sulayman Hafiz al-Assad 14 Mar 1971 - 10 Jun 2000 (2000) Baath
Abdul Halim Khaddam 10 Jun 2000 - 17 Jul 2000 (2020) Baath (acting)
Bashar al-Assad 17 Jul 2000 - Baath
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(1) Prime minister to 19 Aug 1949 and president of the Republic since 5 Sep 1950.
(2) Syria was a founding component of the United Arab Republic (UAR) along with Egypt in this period.
Heads of Government
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Prime Ministers
Faris al-Khouri 14 Oct 1944 - 1 Oct 1945 (1962) KW
Saadallah al-Jabiri 1 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946 (1947) HI
Khalid al-Azm 16 Dec 1946 - 29 Dec 1946 (1965) KW
Jamil Mardam Bey 29 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948 (1960) HJ
Khalid al-Azm 17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949 (1965) KW
Husni al-Zaim 17 Apr 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 (1949) military
Muhsin al-Berazi 26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 (1949) n/p
Hashim Bay Khalid al-Atassi 17 Aug 1949 - 24 Dec 1949 (1960) KW
Nazim al-Qudsi 24 Dec 1949 - 27 Dec 1949 (1998) HS
Khalid al-Azm 27 Dec 1949 - 4 Jun 1950 (1965) KW
Nazim al-Qudsi 4 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951 (1998) HS
Khalid al-Azm 27 Mar 1951 - 9 Aug 1951 (1965) KD
Hassan al-Hakim 9 Aug 1951 - 13 Nov 1951 (1988)
Zaki al-Khatib 13 Nov 1951 - 28 Nov 1951 (1961) (acting)
Maaruf ad-Dawalibi 28 Nov 1951 - 29 Nov 1951 (2004) HS
Fawzi as-Silu 3 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953 (1972) military
Adib ash-Shishakli 19 Jul 1953 - 1 Mar 1954 (1964) military/ALM
Sabri al-Assali 1 Mar 1954 - 18 Jun 1954 (1976) HSQ
Said al-Ghazzi 18 Jun 1954 - 3 Nov 1954 (1967) n/p
Faris al-Khouri 3 Nov 1954 - 13 Feb 1955 (1962) HS
Sabri al-Assali 13 Feb 1955 - 13 Sep 1955 (1976) HSQ
Said al-Ghazzi 13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956 (1967) n/p
Sabri al-Assali 14 Jun 1956 - 6 Mar 1958 (1976) HSQ
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Northern (Syrian) Region of the United Arab Republic
Nur ad-Din Kuhala 7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Baath, n/p
Abdul Hamid Sarraj 20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 (2013) military
Prime Ministers
Maamun Shafiq al-Kuzbari 28 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 (1998) n/p
Izzat an-Nuss 20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 (1972) military
Maaruf ad-Dawalibi 22 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962 (2004) HS
Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah 16 Apr 1962 - 14 Sep 1962 (1992)
Khalid al-Azm 17 Sep 1962 - 9 Mar 1963 (1965) n/p
Salah ad-Din Bitar 9 Mar 1963 - 12 Nov 1963 (1980) Baath
Muhammad Amin al-Hafiz 12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964 (2009) military/Baath
Salah ad-Din Bitar 13 May 1964 - 3 Oct 1964 (1980) Baath
Muhammad Amin al-Hafiz 4 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965 (2009) military/Baath
Yussuf Zuaiyin 23 Sep 1965 - 21 Dec 1965 (2016) Baath
Salah ad-Din Bitar 1 Jan 1966 - 23 Feb 1966 (1980) Baath
Yussuf Zuaiyin 25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968 (2016) Baath
Nur ad-Din Mustafa al-Atassi 29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970 (1992) Baath
Abu Sulayman Hafiz al-Assad 21 Nov 1970 - 3 Apr 1971 (2000) military/Baath
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 3 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972 (2009) Baath
Mahmoud al-Ayyubi 21 Dec 1972 - 7 Aug 1976 (2013) Baath
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 7 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978 (2009) Baath
Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 27 Mar 1978 - 9 Jan 1980 (2016) Baath
Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 9 Jan 1980 - 1 Nov 1987 Baath
Mahmoud al-Zuabi 1 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000 (2000) Baath
Muhammad Mustafa Mero 13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003 (2020) Baath
Muhammad Naji al-Otari 10 Sep 2003 - 14 Apr 2011 Baath
Adel Safar 14 Apr 2011 - 26 Jun 2012 Baath
Riyad Farid Hijab 26 Jun 2012 - 6 Aug 2012 Baath
Omar Ghalawanji 6 Aug 2012 - 11 Aug 2012 Baath (acting)
Wael Nader al-Halqi 11 Aug 2012 - 3 Jul 2016 Baath
Imad Khamis 3 Jul 2016 - 11 Jun 2020 Baath
Hussein Arnous 11 Jun 2020 - Baath (acting to 2 Sep 2020)
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Governments and organizations in rebellion
Free Syrian Army (FSA) (established 29 Jul 2011)
Commander-in-chief
Col. Riad Mousa al-Asaad 29 Jul 2011 - military
Chiefs of Staff of the Supreme Military Council
Gen. Salim Idris 8 Dec 2012 - 16 Feb 2014 military
Gen. Abdul Ilah al-Bashir 16 Feb 2014 - Oct 2014 military
Gen. Albay Ahmad Berri Oct 2014 - Dec 2014 military
Gen. Abdul Karim al-Ahmad Dec 2014 - Jul 2015 military (disputed)
Gen. Albay Ahmed Berri Jul 2015 - military (disputed)
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (NCSROF) and Syrian Interim Government (SIG)
(NCSROF established 11 Nov 2012, Idlib-based, then Istambul; SIG established 18 Mar 2013, Azaz-based)
Chairmen
Moaz Al-Khatib 11 Nov 2012 22 Apr 2013 n/p
George Sabra 22 Apr 2013 6 Jul 2013 HSDS/SNC (acting)
Ahmad al-Jarba 6 Jul 2013 9 Jul 2014 SNC
Hadi al-Bahra 9 Jul 2014 4 Jan 2015 n/p
Khaled Khoja 4 Jan 2015 - 5 Mar 2016 n/p
Anas al-Abdah 5 Mar 2016 - 6 May 2017 HIWBS/SNC
Riad Seif 6 May 2017 - 6 May 2018 n/p
Abdul Rahman Mustafa 5 May 2018 - 29 Jun 2019 n/p
Anas al-Abdah 29 Jun 2019 - 12 Jul 2020 HIWBS/SNC
Naser al-Hariri 12 Jul 2020 12 Jul 2021 IRM
Salem al-Meslet 12 Jul 2021 - SCTC
Prime Ministers
Ghassan Hitto 18 Mar 2013 14 Sep 2013 n/p (acting)
Ahmad Touma 14 Sep 2013 - 16 May 2016 n/p
Jawad Abu Hatab 16 May 2016 - 10 Mar 2019 n/p
Abdul Rahman Mustafa 29 Jun 2019 - n/p
Chairmen of the Syrian National Council (SNC) (major member of NCSROF, established 23 Aug 2011, Istanbul-based)
Burhan Ghalioun 29 Aug 2011 10 Jun 2012 n/p
Abdul Baset Sieda 10 Jun 2012 - 9 Nov 2012 n/p
George Sabra 9 Nov 2012 - HSDS
Chief of Staff of the Syrian National Army (SNA) and minister of Defence of the SIG (SNA evolved from the FSA in 2017)
Hasan Hamadah Nov 2021 - military
Prime Ministers of the Syrian Salvation Government (SSG) (established 2 Nov 2017, Idlib-based)
Muhammad al-Sheikh 2 Nov 2017 - 18 Aug 2018 n/p
Muhammad Jamal Shahoud 18 Aug 2018 - 10 Dec 2018 n/p (acting)
Fawaz Hilal 10 Dec 2018 - 18 Nov 2019 n/p
Ali Abdul Rahman Keda 18 Nov 2019 - n/p
Caliphs of the Islamic State (Caliphate proclaimed 29 Jun 2014, Raqqa-headquartered to Apr 2017; last Syrian territory lost 23 Mar 2019)
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 29 Jun 2014 - 26 Oct 2019 (2019)
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 31 Oct 2019 - 3 Feb 2022 (2022)
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 10 Mar 2022 - 15 Oct 2022 (2022)
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi 30 Nov 2022 - 29 Apr 2023 (2023)
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 3 Aug 2023 -
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